Cardiac (heart) disease is a common condition in both cats and dogs, especially as they age. It encompasses a wide range of disorders that affect the heart’s ability to pump blood efficiently, and early detection is crucial for effective management. This article will help you understand the types of cardiac disease, how to recognize the signs, and what to expect during diagnosis.
Common Cardiac Conditions in Dogs
- Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (MMVD):
This is the most common heart condition in small to medium-sized dogs, particularly breeds like Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Dachshunds, and Chihuahuas. The mitral valve, located between the left atrium and ventricle, degenerates over time, leading to a leak (regurgitation) and eventual heart enlargement. - Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM):
Seen mostly in large and giant breeds such as Doberman Pinschers, Boxers, and Great Danes, DCM causes the heart muscle to become thin and weak, reducing its ability to pump blood. It often goes undetected until significant damage has occurred. - Congenital Heart Defects:
Puppies may be born with structural abnormalities which can cause abnormal blood flow and stress on the heart.
Common Cardiac Conditions in Cats
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM):
The most prevalent heart disease in cats, HCM causes thickening of the heart muscle. This thickening reduces the heart’s efficiency and can lead to heart failure or blood clots. Maine Coons and Ragdolls are genetically predisposed. - Arterial Thromboembolism (ATE):
A serious complication of HCM, where blood clots form as a result of heart disease and travel to other parts of the body, most commonly blocking blood flow to the hind limbs.
Clinical Signs of Cardiac Disease
In Dogs:
- Persistent cough (especially at night)
- Difficulty breathing or increased respiratory rate
- Exercise intolerance
- Lethargy or collapse
- Abdominal swelling
- Pale gums or bluish tongue
In Cats:
- Rapid or laboured breathing
- Open-mouth breathing (a sign of distress)
- Sudden weakness or hind limb paralysis (from clots)
- Decreased appetite and activity
- Hiding or seeking solitude
- Fainting (less common, but possible)
Cats often mask their symptoms, making routine vet exams essential.
Diagnosis of Cardiac Disease
Veterinarians use several tools to diagnose heart conditions:
- Auscultation: Listening to the heart with a stethoscope for murmurs or arrhythmias.
- Chest X-rays: Evaluate heart size and detect fluid in the lungs or chest cavity.
- Echocardiogram (cardiac ultrasound): Provides detailed images of heart critical for diagnosing most heart conditions.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): Assesses heart rhythm and detects arrhythmias.
- Blood Pressure Measurement: High blood pressure can exacerbate heart disease.
- Cardiac Biomarkers: Blood tests that help detect heart stress or failure, especially helpful in cats where signs are subtle.
Managing Heart Disease
While most heart diseases cannot be cured, many can be managed effectively with:
- Medications: The types of medications prescribed are dependent on the condition present which is why pursuing diagnostics is an important step.
- Dietary Changes: Low-sodium diets or prescription cardiac diets may be recommended.
- Regular Monitoring: Follow-up exams, bloodwork, and imaging are important to track progression and response to medications.
Heart disease in pets can be a serious but manageable condition. By staying informed, observing your pet closely, and maintaining regular veterinary check-ups, you can help detect heart problems early and support your furry friend’s health for years to come.
Hamish Stafford – Veterinarian